South park gandhi biography

Refusing to move to the back of the train, Gandhi was forcibly removed and thrown off the train at a station in Pietermaritzburg. From that night forward, the small, unassuming man would grow into a giant force for civil rights. Gandhi formed the Natal Indian Congress in to fight discrimination. Gandhi prepared to return to India at the end of his year-long contract until he learned, at his farewell party, of a bill before the Natal Legislative Assembly that would deprive Indians of the right to vote.

Fellow immigrants convinced Gandhi to stay and lead the fight against the legislation. After a brief trip to India in late and early , Gandhi returned to South Africa with his wife and children. Gandhi ran a thriving legal practice, and at the outbreak of the Boer War, he raised an all-Indian ambulance corps of 1, volunteers to support the British cause, arguing that if Indians expected to have full rights of citizenship in the British Empire, they also needed to shoulder their responsibilities.

After years of protests, the government imprisoned hundreds of Indians in , including Gandhi. Under pressure, the South African government accepted a compromise negotiated by Gandhi and General Jan Christian Smuts that included recognition of Hindu marriages and the abolition of a poll tax for Indians. In Gandhi founded an ashram in Ahmedabad, India, that was open to all castes.

Wearing a simple loincloth and shawl, Gandhi lived an austere life devoted to prayer, fasting and meditation. In , with India still under the firm control of the British, Gandhi had a political reawakening when the newly enacted Rowlatt Act authorized British authorities to imprison people suspected of sedition without trial. In response, Gandhi called for a Satyagraha campaign of peaceful protests and strikes.

Violence broke out instead, which culminated on April 13, , in the Massacre of Amritsar. Troops led by British Brigadier General Reginald Dyer fired machine guns into a crowd of unarmed demonstrators and killed nearly people. Gandhi became a leading figure in the Indian home-rule movement. Calling for mass boycotts, he urged government officials to stop working for the Crown, students to stop attending government schools, soldiers to leave their posts and citizens to stop paying taxes and purchasing British goods.

Rather than buy British-manufactured clothes, he began to use a portable spinning wheel to produce his own cloth. The spinning wheel soon became a symbol of Indian independence and self-reliance. Gandhi assumed the leadership of the Indian National Congress and advocated a policy of non-violence and non-cooperation to achieve home rule.

After British authorities arrested Gandhi in , he pleaded guilty to three counts of sedition. Although sentenced to a six-year imprisonment, Gandhi was released in February after appendicitis surgery. Fox Broadcasting Company executive and mutual friend Brian Graden commissioned Parker and Stone to create a second short film as a video Christmas card.

Created in , the second The Spirit of Christmas short resembled the style of the later series more closely. Frosty , and the second short as Jesus vs. Graden sent copies of the video to several of his friends, and from there it was copied and distributed, including on the internet, where it became one of the first viral videos. As Jesus vs. Santa became more popular, Parker and Stone began talks of developing the short into a television series about four children residing in a fictional Colorado town in the real-life South Park basin.

Fox eagerly agreed to meet with the duo about the show's premise, having prided itself on edgier products such as Cops , The Simpsons , and The X-Files. However, during the meeting at the Fox office in Century City , disagreements between the two creators and the network began to arise, mainly over the latter's refusal to air a show that included a supporting talking stool character named Mr.

Some executives at 20th Century Fox Television which was to produce the series agreed with its then-sister network's stance on Mr. Hankey and repeatedly requested Parker and Stone to remove the character in order for the show to proceed. Refusing to meet their demands, the duo cut ties with Fox and its sister companies all together and began shopping the series somewhere else.

Parker preferred the show be produced by Comedy Central, fearing that MTV would turn it into a kids show. However, the shorts were still gaining more popularity over the Internet, and Comedy Central ordered a run of six episodes. Except for the pilot episode, which was produced using cutout animation , all episodes of South Park are created with the use of software, primarily Autodesk Maya.

Using computers as an animation method, the show's production staff were able to generate an episode in about three weeks during the first seasons. Scripts are not written before a season begins. After exchanging ideas, Parker will write a script, and from there the entire team of animators, editors, technicians, and sound engineers will each typically work — hours in the ensuing week.

Parker and Stone state that subjecting themselves to a one-week deadline creates more spontaneity amongst themselves in the creative process, which they feel results in a funnier show. On October 16, , the show failed to meet their production deadline for the first time ever, after a power outage on October 15 at the production studio prevented the episode, season 17's " Goth Kids 3: Dawn of the Posers ", from being finished in time.

The episode was rescheduled to air a week later on October 23, The show's style of animation is inspired by the paper cut-out cartoons made by Terry Gilliam for Monty Python's Flying Circus , of which Parker and Stone have been lifelong fans. Subsequent episodes have been produced by computer animation , providing a similar look to the originals while requiring a fraction of the time to produce.

Before computer artists begin animating an episode, a series of animatics drawn in Toon Boom are provided by the show's storyboard artists. The characters and objects are composed of simple geometrical shapes and primary and secondary colors. Most child characters are the same size and shape, and are distinguished by their clothing, hair and skin colors, and headwear.

Their movements are animated in an intentionally jerky fashion, as they are purposely not offered the same free range of motion associated with hand-drawn characters. Canadians on the show are often portrayed in an even more minimalist fashion; they have simple beady eyes, and the top halves of their heads simply flap up and down when the characters speak.

When the show began using computers, the cardboard cutouts were scanned and re-drawn with CorelDRAW , then imported into PowerAnimator , which was used with SGI workstations to animate the characters. PowerAnimator and Maya are high-end programs mainly used for 3D computer graphics , while co-producer and former animation director Eric Stough notes that PowerAnimator was initially chosen because its features helped animators retain the show's "homemade" look.

The show's visual quality has improved in recent seasons, [ 10 ] though several other techniques are used to intentionally preserve the cheap cutout animation look. A few episodes feature sections of live-action footage, while others have incorporated other styles of animation. Portions of the season eight premiere " Good Times with Weapons " are done in anime style, while the season 10 episode " Make Love, Not Warcraft " is done partly in machinima.

Parker and Stone voice most of the male South Park characters. Mona Marshall and Eliza Schneider succeeded Bergman, with Schneider leaving the show after its seventh season She was replaced by April Stewart , who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters.

South park gandhi biography

Bergman was originally listed in the credits under the alias Shannen Cassidy to protect her reputation as the voice of several Disney and other kid-friendly characters. Other voice actors and members of South Park 's production staff have voiced minor characters for various episodes, while a few staff members voice recurring characters. Supervising producer Jennifer Howell voices student Bebe Stevens ; [ 86 ] co-producer and storyboard artist Adrien Beard voices Tolkien Black , [ nb 1 ] [ 90 ] who was the school's only African-American student until the introduction of Nichole in " Cartman Finds Love "; writing consultant Vernon Chatman voices an anthropomorphic towel named Towelie ; [ 86 ] and production supervisor John Hansen voices Mr.

Slave , the former gay lover of Mr. When voicing child characters, the voice actors speak within their normal vocal range while adding a childlike inflection. The recorded audio is then edited with Pro Tools , and the pitch is altered to make the voice sound more like that of a fourth grader. Isaac Hayes voiced the character of Chef , an African-American, soul-singing cafeteria worker who was one of the few adults the boys consistently trusted.

Celebrities who are depicted on the show are usually impersonated, though some celebrities do their own voices for the show. Jennifer Aniston , [ ] Richard Belzer , [ ] Natasha Henstridge , [ ] Norman Lear , [ ] and Peter Serafinowicz [ ] have guest starred as other speaking characters. During South Park 's earliest seasons, several high-profile celebrities inquired about guest-starring on the show.

As a joke, Parker and Stone responded by offering low-profile, non-speaking roles, most of which were accepted; George Clooney provided the barks for Stan's dog Sparky in the season one episode " Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride ", [ ] Leno provided the meows for Cartman's cat in the season one finale " Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut ", [ ] and Henry Winkler voiced the various growls and grunts of a kid-eating monster in the season two episode " City on the Edge of Forever ".

Parker says that the varying uses of music are of utmost importance to South Park. The show also frequently features scenes in which its characters have disapproving reactions to the performances of certain popular musicians. Adam Berry , the show's original score composer, used sound synthesis to simulate a small orchestra, and frequently alluded to existing famous pieces of music.

Berry also used signature acoustic guitar and mandolin cues as leitmotifs for the show's establishing shots. In addition to singing in an effort to explain something to the children, Chef would also sing about things relevant to what had transpired in the plot. Young, performed the music for these compositions and, until the character's death on the show, were listed as "Chef's Band" in the closing credits.

The show's theme song was a musical score performed by the band Primus , with the lyrics alternately sung by the band's lead singer, Les Claypool , and the show's four central characters during the opening title sequence. Kenny's muffled lines are altered after every few seasons. His lines are usually sexually explicit in nature, such as his original lines, "I like girls with big fat titties, I like girls with deep vaginas".

The original unaired opening composition was originally slower and had a length of 40 seconds. It was deemed too long for the opening sequence. So Parker and Stone sped it up for the show's opening, having Claypool re-record his vocals. The instrumental version of the original composition is often played during the show's closing credits.

The opening song played in the first four seasons and the end credits in all seasons has a folk rock instrumentation with bass guitar , trumpets and rhythmic drums. Its beat is fast in the opening and leisurely in the closing credits. It is in the minor key and it features a tritone or a diminished fifth, creating a melodic dissonance , which captures the show's surrealistic nature.

Seasons 6—9 have a sprightly bluegrass instrumentation with a usage of banjo and is set in the major key. For the later seasons, the arrangement is electro rock with a breakbeat influence, which feature electric guitars backed up by synthesized , groovy drumbeats. The opening theme song has been remixed three times during the course of the series, including a remix performed by Paul Robb.

South Park is broadcast internationally in several countries and territories, including India, New Zealand, and several countries throughout Europe and Latin America on channels that are subsidiaries of Comedy Central and Paramount Media Networks , both subsidiaries of Paramount. The program also airs free-to-air in Australia on 10 Shake , a sister network to Comedy Central through Paramount.

The series was formerly broadcast on Global. Broadcast syndication rights to South Park were acquired by Debmar-Mercury and Tribune Entertainment in and respectively. Complete seasons of South Park have been regularly released in their entirety on DVD since , with season twenty-six being the most recently released. Several other themed DVD compilations have been released by Rhino Entertainment and Comedy Central, [ ] while the three-episode Imaginationland story arc was reissued straight-to-DVD as a full-length feature in The first eleven seasons were released on Blu-ray for the first time in December In March , Comedy Central made every episode of South Park available for free full-length on-demand legal streaming on the official South Park Studios website.

The episode stayed up for the remainder of the week, then taken down, and added to the site three weeks later. Within a week, the site served more than a million streams of full episodes, [ ] and the number grew to 55 million by October In April , the season five episode " Super Best Friends " and the season fourteen episodes " " and " " were removed from the site; additionally, these episodes no longer air in reruns and are only available exclusively on DVD and Blu-ray.

These episodes remain unavailable following the purchase by Hulu. Following the announcement every episode remained available for free on the South Park Studios website, using the Hulu player. As of September , following the premiere of the eighteenth season, only 30 select episodes would be featured for free viewing at a time on a rotating basis on the website, with new episodes being available for an entire month starting the day following their original airings.

The entire series was available on Hulu by this point. As of July , all episodes of South Park are available for streaming in Canada on the service CraveTV , which first consisted of seasons 1— Subsequent seasons were released the following July. In February , Warner Bros. Discovery filed a lawsuit which claimed that Paramount breached its exclusivity contract with HBO Max by airing South Park on its own streaming platform.

From its debut in to the season twelve finale in the series had been originally produced in standard definition , with a aspect ratio. In , the series switched to being produced in high definition p with the beginning of the thirteenth season. The aspect ratio of these episodes were also converted from to as well. Several of the re-rendered episodes from the earlier seasons have their original uncensored audio tracks; they had previously been released in censored form.

The fifth-season episode " Super Best Friends ", which was pulled from syndication and online streams following the controversy surrounding episode "" , was not released alongside the rest of the season when it was released in HD on iTunes in The episode was later re-rendered and made available for the Blu-ray release of the season that was released on December 5, When South Park debuted, it was a huge ratings success for Comedy Central and is seen as being largely responsible for the success of the channel, with Herzog crediting it for putting the network "on the map".

The episode earned a 6. The episode earned an 8. The success of South Park prompted more cable companies to carry Comedy Central and led it to its becoming one of the fastest-growing cable channels. The number of households that had Comedy Central jumped from 9. By the third season , the series' ratings began to decrease. The show's ratings dropped further in its fourth season , with episodes averaging just above 1.

The ratings eventually increased, and seasons five through nine consistently averaged about 3 million viewers per episode. Seasons 10 to 12 would average 5 million viewers. Though its viewership is lower than it was at the height of its popularity in its earliest seasons, South Park remains one of the highest-rated series on Comedy Central.

In , Channel 4 voted South Park the third-greatest cartoon of all time. Burns from The Simpsons. South Park has been nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program eighteen times , , , —, — and The show's frequent depiction of taboo subject matter, general toilet humor, accessibility to younger viewers, disregard for conservative sensibilities, negative depiction of liberal causes, and portrayal of religion for comic effect have generated controversy and debate over the course of its run.

As the series became popular, students in two schools were barred from wearing South Park -related T-shirts, [ 18 ] [ 22 ] [ 32 ] and the headmaster of a UK public school asked parents not to let their children watch the programme after eight- and nine-year-old children voted the South Park character Cartman as their favorite personality in a poll.

Parents Television Council founder L. The show further lampooned the controversy surrounding its use of profanity, as well as the media attention surrounding the network show Chicago Hope 's singular use of the word shit , with the season five premiere " It Hits the Fan ", [ ] in which the word shit is said times without being bleeped for censorship purposes, while also appearing uncensored in written form.

Specific controversies regarding the show have included an April Fools' Day prank played on its viewers in , [ ] its depiction of the Virgin Mary in the season nine finale " Bloody Mary " that angered several Catholics , [ 35 ] its depiction of Steve Irwin with a stingray barb stuck in his chest in the episode " Hell on Earth ", which originally aired less than two months after Irwin was killed in the same fashion, [ ] [ ] Comedy Central's censorship of the depiction of Muhammad in the season 10 episode " Cartoon Wars Part II " in the wake of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy [ ] and consistent mockery of the concept of climate change by using climate change denialist talking points.

The season nine episode " Trapped in the Closet " denounces Scientology as nothing more than "a big fat global scam", [ ] while freely divulging church information that Scientology normally only reveals to members who make significant monetary contributions to the church. The season fourteen episodes " " and " " were mired in controversy for satirizing issues surrounding the depiction of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.

The website for the organization Revolution Muslim , a New York-based radical Muslim organization, posted an entry that included a warning to creators Parker and Stone that they risk violent retribution for their depictions of Muhammad. It said that they "will probably wind up like Theo van Gogh for airing this show". Despite Chesser's claims that the website entry was a warning, several media outlets and observers interpreted it as a threat.

Due to many taboo topics in China—such as Dalai Lama , Winnie the Pooh , [ ] labor camps , freedom of speech and cannabis culture —being involved in the season 23 episode " Band in China ", South Park was entirely banned in China after the episode's broadcast. The series' Baidu Baike article, Baidu Tieba forum, Douban page, Zhihu page and Bilibili videos have been deleted or inaccessible to the public, all related keywords and topics have been prohibited from being searched and discussed on China-based search engines and social media sites including Baidu , QQ , Weibo and on WeChat public platforms.

Commentary made in episodes has been interpreted as statements Parker and Stone are attempting to make to the viewing public, [ ] and these opinions have been subject to much critical analysis in the media and literary world within the framework of popular philosophical, theological, social, and political concepts. Soon after one of Kenny's trademark deaths on the show, other characters would typically shout "Oh my God, they killed Kenny!

The exclamation quickly became a popular catchphrase, [ 11 ] while the running gag of Kenny's recurring deaths is one of the more recognized hallmarks among viewers of modern television. I'm going home! In the season two episode " Chef Aid ", attorney Johnnie Cochran uses what's called in the show the Chewbacca defense , which is a legal strategy that involves addressing plot holes related to Chewbacca in the film Return of the Jedi rather than discussing the trial at hand during a closing argument in a deliberate attempt to confuse jurors into thinking there is reasonable doubt.

The term "Chewbacca defense" has been documented as being used by criminologists, forensic scientists, and political commentators in their various discussions of similar methods used in legal cases and public forums. Another season two episode, " Gnomes ", revolves around a group of "underpants gnomes " who, as their name suggests, run a corporation stealing people's underpants.

When asked about their business model, various gnomes reply that theirs is a three-step process: Phase 1 is "collect underpants". Phase 3 is "profit". However, the gnomes are unable to explain what is to occur between the first and final steps, and "Phase 2" is accompanied by a large question mark on their corporate flow chart. Using "???? When Sophie Rutschmann of the University of Strasbourg discovered a mutated gene that causes an adult fruit fly to die within two days after it is infected with certain bacteria, she named the gene kep1 in honor of Kenny.

While some conservatives have condemned South Park for its vulgarity, a growing population of people who hold center-right political beliefs, including teenagers and young adults, have embraced the show for its tendency to mock liberal viewpoints and lampoon liberal celebrities and icons. Anderson describes the group as "generally characterized by holding strong libertarian beliefs and rejecting more conservative social policy", and notes that although the show makes "wicked fun of conservatives", it is "at the forefront of a conservative revolt against liberal media" and Hollywood's "liberal hegemony".

Parker and Stone reject the idea that the show has any underlying political position, and deny having a political agenda when creating an episode. In , they said that they were "rooting for Hillary Clinton in simply because it would be weird to have her as president". Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history.

Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item. American animated sitcom. This article is about the television series. For the franchise, see South Park franchise. For other uses, see South Park disambiguation. Title card featuring the four main characters: Stan , Kyle , Kenny and Cartman.

Animated sitcom Black comedy Satire Surreal humor. Trey Parker Matt Stone. Main article: List of South Park characters. See also: Subject matter in South Park. Main article: List of South Park cast members. Main article: List of South Park guest stars. Main article: List of South Park episodes. Main article: List of South Park home video releases.

Main article: South Park controversies. Main article: South Park Republican. For more information about films, shorts, music and merchandising, see South Park franchise. For more information about video games, see List of South Park video games. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question.

Indians widely describe Gandhi as the Father of the Nation. India, with its rapid economic modernisation and urbanisation, has rejected Gandhi's economics [ ] but accepted much of his politics and continues to revere his memory. Reporter Jim Yardley notes that "modern India is hardly a Gandhian nation, if it ever was one. His vision of a village-dominated economy was shunted aside during his lifetime as rural romanticism, and his call for a national ethos of personal austerity and nonviolence has proved antithetical to the goals of an aspiring economic and military power.

Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is a national holiday in India , Gandhi Jayanti. His image also appears on paper currency of all denominations issued by Reserve Bank of India , except for the one rupee note. There are three temples in India dedicated to Gandhi. Gandhi's children and grandchildren live in India and other countries.

Grandson Rajmohan Gandhi is a professor in Illinois and an author of Gandhi's biography titled Mohandas , [ ] while another, Tarun Gandhi, has authored several authoritative books on his grandfather. Another grandson, Kanu Ramdas Gandhi the son of Gandhi's third son Ramdas , was found living at an old age home in Delhi despite having taught earlier in the United States.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Indian independence activist — For other uses, see Gandhi disambiguation. New Delhi , Dominion of India. British Raj until Dominion of India from Leadership of the campaign for India's independence from British rule Nonviolent resistance.

Kasturba Gandhi. Harilal Manilal Ramdas Devdas. Karamchand Gandhi Putlibai Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi's voice. Early life and background. Vegetarianism and committee work. Civil rights activist in South Africa — Europeans, Indians and Africans. Struggle for Indian independence — See also: Indian independence movement. Main article: Champaran Satyagraha.

Main article: Kheda Satyagraha. Main article: Khilafat Movement. Main article: Non-co-operation movement. Main article: Salt Satyagraha. Main article: Quit India Movement. Partition and independence. See also: Indian independence movement and Partition of India. Main article: Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi. Principles, practices, and beliefs.

Main article: Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi. See also: Gandhism. Followers and international influence. Global days that celebrate Gandhi. Film, theatre, and literature. Current impact within India. Not to be confused with the Indian political family Nehru—Gandhi family. Retrieved 24 January P Mahatma Gandhi A Chronology.

Publications Division. ISBN The Floating Press. Archived from the original on 29 March Retrieved 29 March Archived from the original on 21 July Retrieved 21 July Identity and Religion: Foundations of anti-Islamism in India. Sage Publications. Mohandas Gandhi. Infobase Publishing. The name Gandhi means "grocer", although Mohandas's father and grandfather were politicians not grocers.

The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 7 October Retrieved 15 July The Ways and Power of Love: types, factors, and techniques of moral transformation. Templeton Foundation Press. Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 19 March Responses to Questions on Hinduism. Paulist Press.

Retrieved 16 August Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography. Yale University Press. John Zavos; et al. Public Hinduisms. Orissa Review January : 45— Archived from the original PDF on 1 January Retrieved 23 February The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Archived from the original on 7 March Retrieved 20 February Gandhi, his life and message for the world.

New American Library. Retrieved 4 June Gandhi Before India. Alfred A. Archived from the original on 2 July Nanda Archived from the original on 13 May Retrieved 3 June India Currents. Archived from the original on 16 January Retrieved 16 January Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 15 May Mahatma: Tendulkar, Mahatma; life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.

Archived from the original on 8 June Retrieved 11 August Gandhi — ". Archived from the original on 5 December Retrieved 26 September In Roxanne Reid ed. New History of South Africa 1st ed. The Journal of Modern African Studies. ISSN X. JSTOR S2CID Mawenzi House Publishers Limited. Archived from the original on 17 March Retrieved 17 March Archived from the original on 9 September Retrieved 17 September Gandhi: a very short introduction.

Oxford University Press. Other Places Publishing. Press Information Bureau of India — Archive. Archived PDF from the original on 28 September Retrieved 18 July Concept Publishing Company. The Literature Network. Archived from the original on 10 November Retrieved 12 February Mathai; M. John; Siby K. Joseph eds. Meditations on Gandhi : a Ravindra Varma festschrift.

New Delhi: Concept. Retrieved 8 September Univ of California Press. Retrieved 15 November Encyclopedia of Hinduism. New York: Facts On File. Retrieved 5 July Stanford University Press. University of California Press. The Wire. Archived from the original on 25 December Retrieved 11 January Minorities and the State in Africa. Cambria Press.

Archived from the original on 7 September Retrieved 7 September Retrieved 25 December The Times of India. ISSN Archived from the original on 15 April Philosophy Now. Archived from the original on 24 March South African Historical Journal. Archived from the original on 2 May Retrieved 20 January Political Science Quarterly. Based on public domain volumes.

Day-to-day with Gandhi: secretary's diary. Translated by Hemantkumar Nilkanth. Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan. Archived 15 October at the Wayback Machine Chapter " Appeal for enlistment", Nadiad, 22 June Archived 15 October at the Wayback Machine "Chapter 8. Letter to J. Maffey", Nadiad, 30 April Satyagraha Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 February Retrieved 5 February Jarboe University of Nebraska.

Archived from the original on 21 October Retrieved 16 October Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Indian National Congress website. All India Congress Committee. Archived from the original on 6 December Retrieved 25 February Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics — Bloomsbury Academic. Archived from the original on 3 February Retrieved 3 February The First World War.

Paine Jinnah vs. Rabindranath Tagore heavily criticized Gandhi at the time in private letters They reveal Tagore's belief that Gandhi had committed the Indian political nation to a cause that was mistakenly anti-Western and fundamentally negative. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Psychology Press. Ahmed Retrieved 18 April Orient Blackswan.

Archived from the original on 10 July Retrieved 25 August He was arrested on 10 March and was sentenced to prison for six years. Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy. Modern India: — Wipf and Stock Publishers. Archived from the original on 5 October Retrieved 6 August Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. Also available at Wikisource.

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English Heritage. Archived from the original on 28 September Archived from the original on 2 October Dirks Princeton University Press. Allied Publishers. Jawaharlal Nehru, A Biography. Archived from the original on 27 May Retrieved 27 May Orissa Review. Archived from the original PDF on 24 December Retrieved 12 April Modern Asian Studies. The Routledge Companion to Inclusive Leadership.

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Publishing Corporation. End of empire. Retrieved 1 September By the late s, the League and the Congress had impressed in the British their own visions of a free future for Indian people. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 April Retrieved 25 March Propaganda and information in Eastern India, — a necessary weapon of war.

They heard about it on the radio, from relations and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Did you know? The march resulted in the arrest of nearly 60, people, including Gandhi himself. Gandhi was appalled by the discrimination he experienced as an Indian immigrant in South Africa. When a European magistrate in Durban asked him to take off his turban, he refused and left the courtroom.

On a train voyage to Pretoria, he was thrown out of a first-class railway compartment and beaten up by a white stagecoach driver after refusing to give up his seat for a European passenger. In , after the Transvaal government passed an ordinance regarding the registration of its Indian population, Gandhi led a campaign of civil disobedience that would last for the next eight years.

During its final phase in , hundreds of Indians living in South Africa, including women, went to jail, and thousands of striking Indian miners were imprisoned, flogged and even shot. Finally, under pressure from the British and Indian governments, the government of South Africa accepted a compromise negotiated by Gandhi and General Jan Christian Smuts, which included important concessions such as the recognition of Indian marriages and the abolition of the existing poll tax for Indians.

He supported the British war effort in World War I but remained critical of colonial authorities for measures he felt were unjust.