Severin carrell biography of albert einstein

Albert Einstein was a German-American physicist and probably the most well-known scientist of the 20th century. He is famous for his theory of relativity , a pillar of modern physics that describes the dynamics of light and extremely massive entities, as well as his work in quantum mechanics , which focuses on the subatomic realm. His family moved to Munich six weeks later, and in , when he was 6 years old, he began attending Petersschule, a Catholic elementary school.

Contrary to popular belief, Einstein was a good student. But when he later switched to the Luitpold grammar school, young Einstein chafed under the school's authoritarian attitude, and his teacher once said of him, "never will he get anywhere. In , at age 17, Einstein entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics.

A few years later, he gained his diploma and acquired Swiss citizenship but was unable to find a teaching post. So he accepted a position as a technical assistant in the Swiss patent office. Related: 10 discoveries that prove Einstein was right about the universe — and 1 that proves him wrong. Einstein married Mileva Maric, his longtime love and former student, in A year prior, they had a child out of wedlock, who was discovered by scholars only in the s, when private letters revealed her existence.

The daughter, called Lieserl in the letters, may have been mentally challenged and either died young or was adopted when she was a year old. Einstein had two other children with Maric, Hans Albert and Eduard, born in and , respectively. Einstein obtained his doctorate in physics in — a year that's often known as his annus mirabilis "year of miracles" in Latin , according to the Library of Congress.

That year, he published four groundbreaking papers of significant importance in physics. The first incorporated the idea that light could come in discrete particles called photons. Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics. Main article: Bohr—Einstein debates. Einstein—Podolsky—Rosen paradox. Main article: EPR paradox. Main article: Classical unified field theories.

Main article: Einstein's unsuccessful investigations. Collaboration with other scientists. Einstein—de Haas experiment. Main article: Einstein—de Haas effect. Main article: Albert Einstein in popular culture. Main article: List of awards and honors received by Albert Einstein. Further information: List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein.

Einstein, Albert [Completed 13 December and manuscript received 16 December ]. Written at Zurich, Switzerland. Paul Karl Ludwig Drude ed. Annalen der Physik. Vierte Folge in German. Bibcode : AnP Einstein, Albert a [Completed 17 March and submitted 18 March ]. Written at Berne, Switzerland. Einstein, Albert b [Completed 30 April ]. Berne, Switzerland: Wyss Buchdruckerei published 20 July Einstein, Albert c [Manuscript received: 11 May ].

Einstein, Albert d [Manuscript received 30 June ]. Annalen der Physik Submitted manuscript. Einstein, Albert e [Manuscript received 27 September ]. Einstein, Albert [Completed 25 November ]. Sitzungsberichte in German. Einstein, Albert [Issued 29 June ]. Sitzungsberichte Bibcode : SPAW Einstein, Albert a. Einstein, Albert b. Physikalische Zeitschrift in German.

Bibcode : PhyZ Einstein, Albert 31 January Retrieved 14 November Einstein, Albert [First published , in English ]. Written at Gothenburg. Nobel Lectures, Physics — in German and English. Stockholm: Nobelprice. Einstein, Albert [Published 10 July ]. Archived from the original Online page images on 14 October First of a series of papers on this topic.

Written at Berlin. Die Naturwissenschaften in German. Heidelberg, Germany: — Bibcode : NW ISSN S2CID Translated by Cowper, A. US: Dover Publications published ISBN Retrieved 4 January Einstein, Albert Sonderasugabe aus den Sitzungsb. Einstein, A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode : PNAS PMC PMID Einstein, Albert; Rosen, Nathan Physical Review.

Bibcode : PhRv Physical Review Submitted manuscript. Scientific American. Bibcode : SciAm. Ideas and Opinions. New York: Crown Publishers. New York: Three Rivers Press. Munich: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung. Stachel, John ; Martin J. Klein; A. Kox; Michel Janssen; R. Schulmann; Diana Komos Buchwald; et al. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein.

Princeton University Press. Further information about the volumes published so far can be found on the webpages of the Einstein Papers Project [ ] and on the Princeton University Press Einstein Page. Einstein, Albert; et al. The New York Times. Melville, New York. Archived from the original on 17 December Retrieved 25 May Einstein, Albert May Sweezy, Paul; Huberman, Leo eds.

Monthly Review. Reprise ". New York: Monthly Review Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 January Retrieved 16 January — via MonthlyReview. Einstein, Albert September Introduction by Bharatan Kumarappa. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. OCLC Foreword originally written in April Autobiographical Notes. Paul Arthur Schilpp Centennial ed.

Chicago: Open Court. The chasing a light beam thought experiment is described on pages 48— The center was once the Palmer Physical Laboratory. Heinrich Burkhardt Heinrich Zangger History of gravitational theory List of coupled cousins List of German inventors and discoverers List of Jewish Nobel laureates List of peace activists Relativity priority dispute Sticky bead argument.

She has chosen the cream of her culture and has suppressed it. She has even turned upon her most glorious citizen, Albert Einstein, who is the supreme example of the selfless intellectual The man, who, beyond all others, approximates a citizen of the world, is without a home. How proud we must be to offer him temporary shelter. He was quoted as saying that improving the design and changing the types of gases used might allow the design's efficiency to be quadrupled.

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. JSTOR Royal Astronomical Society. Archived PDF from the original on 20 December Retrieved 20 December National Academy of Sciences.

Severin carrell biography of albert einstein

Archived from the original on 20 December Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed. Pearson Longman. Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics. World Scientific. New York: Walker. Nobel Prize. Archived from the original on 3 July Retrieved 11 July The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 12 May Retrieved 23 August Boyer; Melvyn Dubofsky Oxford University Press.

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Marcel Grossmann gewidmet Dedicated to my friend, Dr. Marcel Grossmann ". Clegg, Brian ed. Albert Einstein, in Second Physics: The 50 most fundamental concepts in physics, each explained in half a minute. London: Ivy Press. Einstein Online in German and English. Archived from the original on 21 August Archived PDF from the original on 9 September Retrieved 4 August Retrieved 21 December By an application of the theory of relativity to the taste of readers, today in Germany I am called a German man of science, and in England I am represented as a Swiss Jew.

CRC Press. Archived from the original on 22 November Retrieved 22 November Archived from the original on 31 January Retrieved 9 July Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 21 July Archived from the original on 21 February Retrieved 13 July Archived from the original on 8 June Retrieved 8 June Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and applications of the general theory of relativity.

EMBO Reports. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 February The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 January Retrieved 13 June Archived from the original on 25 December Retrieved 3 January Banquet Speech by R. Nadolny in German ". Retrieved 9 December via Nobelprize. Archived from the original on 12 September Retrieved 18 September Memoria e Ricerca 2 : — See also: Martin Grandjean Retrieved 1 December PDF and "English summary".

Archived from the original on 2 November The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. American Association for the Advancement of Science: — Retrieved 30 May Einstein and the Changing Worldviews of Physics. Science in Context. Archived from the original on 17 April Retrieved 14 March American Masters. In , he published four pivotal scientific works, which would revolutionise modern physics.

He took Austrian-Hungary citizenship to accept the job. In , he returned to Germany and was appointed a director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. From this Quantum Theory, other inventors were able to develop devices such as television and movies. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in This theory was written in a simple style with no footnotes or academic references.

The core of his theory of relativity is that:. Thus there is no fixed absolute standard of comparison for judging the motion of the earth or plants. It was revolutionary because previously people had thought time and distance are absolutes. But, Einstein proved this not to be true. He also said that if electrons travelled at close to the speed of light, their weight would increase.

Working from a basis of special relativity. Einstein sought to express all physical laws using equations based on mathematical equations. He devoted the last period of his life trying to formulate a final unified field theory which included a rational explanation for electromagnetism. However, he was to be frustrated in searching for this final breakthrough theory.

He based this on his new general theory of relativity. The news was published in newspapers around the world, and it made Einstein internationally known as a leading physicist. It was also symbolic of international co-operation between British and German scientists after the horrors of the First World War. Einstein gave lectures to packed audiences and became an internationally recognised figure for his work on physics, but also his wider observations on world affairs.

During the s, other scientists started developing the work of Einstein and coming to different conclusions on Quantum Physics. In and , Einstein took part in debates with Max Born about the nature of relativity and quantum physics. Although the two disagreed on physics, they shared a mutual admiration. As a German Jew, Einstein was threatened by the rise of the Nazi party.

He later wrote that he never had strong opinions about race and nationality but saw himself as a citizen of the world. Race is a fraud. All modern people are the conglomeration of so many ethnic mixtures that no pure race remains. The world is not ready for it. Einstein became a major player in efforts to curtail usage of the A-bomb. The following year, he and Szilard founded the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, and in , via an essay for The Atlantic Monthly , Einstein espoused working with the United Nations to maintain nuclear weapons as a deterrent to conflict.

After World War II, Einstein continued to work on his unified field theory and key aspects of his general theory of relativity, including time travel, wormholes, black holes, and the origins of the universe. However, he felt isolated in his endeavors since the majority of his colleagues had begun focusing their attention on quantum theory. In the last decade of his life, Einstein, who had always seen himself as a loner, withdrew even further from any sort of spotlight, preferring to stay close to Princeton and immerse himself in processing ideas with colleagues.

He corresponded with scholar and activist W. Einstein was very particular about his sleep schedule, claiming he needed 10 hours of sleep per day to function well. His theory of relativity allegedly came to him in a dream about cows being electrocuted. He was also known to take regular naps. He is said to have held objects like a spoon or pencil in his hand while falling asleep.

That way, he could wake up before hitting the second stage of sleep—a hypnagogic process believed to boost creativity and capture sleep-inspired ideas. Although sleep was important to Einstein, socks were not. He was famous for refusing to wear them. According to a letter he wrote to future wife Elsa, he stopped wearing them because he was annoyed by his big toe pushing through the material and creating a hole.

One of the most recognizable photos of the 20 th century shows Einstein sticking out his tongue while leaving his 72 nd birthday party on March 14, According to Discovery. Tired from doing so all night, he refused and rebelliously stuck his tongue out at the crowd for a moment before turning away. UPI photographer Arthur Sasse captured the shot.

Einstein was amused by the picture and ordered several prints to give to his friends. He was taken to the hospital for treatment but refused surgery, believing that he had lived his life and was content to accept his fate. I have done my share, it is time to go. I will do it elegantly. He was able to photograph the office just as Einstein left it.

However, during his life, Einstein participated in brain studies, and at least one biography claimed he hoped researchers would study his brain after he died. In keeping with his wishes, the rest of his body was cremated and the ashes scattered in a secret location. According to The New York Times , the researchers believe it might help explain why Einstein was so intelligent.

Rorke-Adams said she received the brain slides from Harvey. Einstein has also been portrayed on screen.