Manjit singh gk biography of albert einstein

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Hermann relocated the family to Milan, Italy, in the mids after his business lost out on a major contract. Einstein was eventually able to gain admission into the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, specifically due to his superb mathematics and physics scores on the entrance exam. He was still required to complete his pre-university education first and thus attended a high school in Aarau, Switzerland, helmed by Jost Winteler.

Einstein later renounced his German citizenship and became a Swiss citizen at the dawn of the new century. The maximum score of the current version is , with an IQ of or higher ranking in the 99 th percentile. Magazine columnist Marilyn vos Savant has the highest-ever recorded IQ at and was featured in the Guinness Book of World Records in the late s.

However, Guinness discontinued the category because of debates about testing accuracy. After graduating from university, Einstein faced major challenges in terms of finding academic positions, having alienated some professors over not attending class more regularly in lieu of studying independently.

Manjit singh gk biography of albert einstein

Einstein eventually found steady work in after receiving a referral for a clerk position in a Swiss patent office. While working at the patent office, Einstein had the time to further explore ideas that had taken hold during his university studies and thus cemented his theorems on what would be known as the principle of relativity. Two focused on the photoelectric effect and Brownian motion.

The theory explains that space and time are actually connected, and Einstein called this joint structure space-time. Einstein considered this theory the culmination of his life research. It also offered a more expansive, nuanced explanation of how gravitational forces worked. Today, the theories of relativity underpin the accuracy of GPS technology, among other phenomena.

Even so, Einstein did make one mistake when developing his general theory, which naturally predicted the universe is either expanding or contracting. His later theories directly contracted this idea and asserted that the universe could be in a state of flux. Then, astronomer Edwin Hubble deduced that we indeed inhabit an expanding universe.

This equation suggested that tiny particles of matter could be converted into huge amounts of energy, a discovery that heralded atomic power. Famed quantum theorist Max Planck backed up the assertions of Einstein, who thus became a star of the lecture circuit and academia, taking on various positions before becoming director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics today is known as the Max Planck Institute for Physics from to In , Einstein won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect, since his ideas on relativity were still considered questionable.

Einstein married Mileva Maric on January 6, While attending school in Zurich, Einstein met Maric, a Serbian physics student. Einstein continued to grow closer to Maric, but his parents were strongly against the relationship due to her ethnic background. Nonetheless, Einstein continued to see her, with the two developing a correspondence via letters in which he expressed many of his scientific ideas.

Einstein and Mavic had three children. Her ultimate fate and whereabouts remain a mystery. Einstein, as part of a settlement, agreed to give Maric any funds he might receive from possibly winning the Nobel Prize in the future. Quantum physics, however, revealed that an electron in an atom can be in one place, and then, as if by magic, reappear in another without ever being anywhere in between, by emitting or absorbing a quantum of energy.

By the early s, it had long been apparent that the advance of quantum physics on an ad hoc, piecemeal basis, had left it without solid foundations or a logical structure. In Heisenberg made a discovery. It was so at odds with common sense that he initially struggled to grasp its significance. The uncertainty principle said that if you want to know the exact velocity of a particle, then you cannot know its exact location, and vice versa.

Bohr believed he knew how to interpret the equations of quantum mechanics; what the theory was saying about the nature of reality. Questions about cause and effect, or whether the moon exists when no one is looking at it, had been the preserve of philosophers since the time of Plato and Aristotle. However, after the emergence of quantum mechanics they were being discussed by the twentieth century's greatest physicists.

The debate that began between Einstein and Bohr at the Solvay conference in , raised issues that continue to preoccupy many physicists and philosophers to this day; what is the nature of reality, and what kind of description of reality should be regarded as meaningful? It was a time of earnest correspondence and hurried conferences, of debate, criticism and brilliant mathematical improvisation.

For those who participated it was a time of creation. Originally posted on Nature. Tuesday, 15 March Paperback of American Edition. This is the cover of the US paperback edition to be published by Norton on 9 May My thanks to all involved in its production. Thursday, 3 March French Edition of Quantum. The cover of the forthcoming French edition.

Soon I'll post a round-up of Quantum related stuff from recent months. Quantum chosen as one of the top ten science and technology books of the year by Booklist. Steve from Cardiff had this to say about Quantum on amazon. The first thing you notice about the book is the detail. Copiously researched, Kumar has pulled together a truly impressive array of material, both personal and professional, constructing a rich history that transports you to the subject's golden age and to the lives of the key players.

He tells a story so engrossing and so detailed that I felt surprisingly moved towards the end. Yes, by a book on quantum theory. The great debate itself is a tremendously invigorating one. Both Einstein and Bohr agreed that quantum mechanics was correct. Where they disagreed was in whether or not it was complete. In fact the implications of this disagreement went deeper, calling into question the fundamental role of physics itself, and whether there is even such a thing to be measured as an independent objective reality.

On this, the author's background in physics and philosophy are put to good use. Overall then, this is a captivating fusion of science, history, philosophy and biography, and a great way to feed the heart and the brain. Quantum makes the list of the top ten science books on Amazon. See the full list here. Sunday, 5 September 'This book may be dangerous to your health,' warns reviewer.

Jeffery Bairstow, contributing editor of Laser Focus World had to this say about Quantum: "I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics," claimed Nobel laureate Richard Feynman in , some 10 years after Albert Einstein's death. Not even the great father of atomic science himself could have risen to the challenge of sorting out atomic physics just after completing his theses on relativity.

The quantum literally became Einstein's demon. But wait a minute—now comes a thick new book that purports to cover all you need to know on the thorny subject of quantum mechanics. Warning: This book may be dangerous to your health. I almost could not put this book down—I began missing meals and ignoring family member needs. For once, here is a well-written and highly informative book on a difficult subject.

Over the years, I have examined several books by leading authors in this field, but this is the only one that lives up to its title. By reading this book, you may find that you have developed an informed layman's view of quantum mechanics. The book reads more like a novel than a beginning textbook for vigorous demos of proofs. The book differs from conventional biographies in that it uses a timeline from the days of the pioneers J.

Thomson of Britain, Max Planck of Germany, etc. So what you are reading seems to be a series of essays about Max Planck and the "gang of nine. Some list! This is a splendid group photo taken at the fifth Solway conference, in October The two dozen attendees comprise all the key researchers in the field plus a few observers sent to keep their professors abreast of new developments.

The assembled brain power is staggering! These meetings were sponsored by Ernst Solvay, a Belgian industrialist who made a fortune from the manufacture of sodium carbonate. Such "quantum summit meetings" were key conferences for the leading scientists of that time. But there were many larger formal meetings held in London, Berlin, Copenhagen, and other major cities.

For example, it was not unusual to have a thousand attendees at the London meetings of the distinguished British Royal Society. Often the meetings were also supported by leading celebrities of the day. For example, in , the playwright George Bernard Shaw was the master of ceremonies for a lavish fund-raising event at the plush Savoy Hotel in London.

Einstein was the guest of honor. Shaw wittily commented that, given the intellectual firepower in the room, "I had to talk about Ptolemy and Aristotle, Kepler and Copernicus, Galileo and Newton, gravitation, and relativity and modern astrophysics, and heaven knows what…" Shaw then summarized the current state of play as "Ptolemy made a universe which lasted 1, years.

Then Newton also made a universe which lasted years. Einstein has made a universe and I can't tell you how long that will last. Kumar deftly interposes the developments in quantum physics with the rarely described personal lives of the major players. This combination of the scholarly work with the personal events is rarely attempted with physicists, but Kumar succeeds where others have failed miserably.

His sweep is both broad and narrow with surprising success. Quantum reviewed in The LA Times on 8 August: 'If thinking about the quantum theory doesn't make you schwindlig dizzy , then you haven't understood it, Niels Bohr, its great patriarch, famously well, famously among physicists remarked. Quantum mechanics lies at the subatomic base of physical reality — and ruptures any attempts to visualize it.

This doesn't worry many physicists, who use quantum mechanics to correctly calculate the behavior and attributes of the stupefyingly small and choose to disregard its weirdness. It certainly doesn't worry most nonphysicists; we go about our lives anyway, heedless of the Problem. It worried Albert Einstein profoundly until the day he died.

Are you smarter than Einstein? The British science writer Manjit Kumar has written an intellectual history of the upending, in the s, of classical, Newtonian physics, whose descriptions of an objective, causal reality coincide with our intuition. But quantum theory is counterintuitive. It tells us that a subatomic particle — an electron, say — is in no particular place until it is observed.

Since you cannot see an electron, "observed" here means determining its position experimentally. It tells us that if you want to know how fast the electron is traveling, then you will have to give up knowing just where it is. It tells us, even, that an electron can be in two places at the same time. The same electron. The various predictions that quantum theory makes have been confirmed in countless experiments.

I recall having all this explained to me in the mids, over a three-hour lunch in an Italian restaurant in midtown Manhattan, by a frightened science journalist who had just learned that the bit about finding an electron in two places at once had been confirmed by the so-called double-slit experiment. Suffice to say that contemplating this made me and my lunch partner so schwindlig that by the last half-hour neither one of us was sure that the other was actually there.

What Bohr might also have said is that once you grasp, however dimly, the implications of quantum theory, your life will never be the same. This is a very good and thorough history of the quantum revolution, which is not to say that it's a particularly easy read. Unlike many books about physics for laymen, there are no equations in it — except for a couple of "simple" ones about an inch long describing the uncertainty principle, Werner Heisenberg's discovery that you cannot simultaneously determine the position and momentum of a subatomic particle.

But the ideas are difficult, as you might expect from the book's subtitle, heralding "the Great Debate About the Nature of Reality. Bohr, and his disciple Heisenberg, believed that "until an observation or measurement is made, a microphysical object like an electron does not exist anywhere," and that "it was no longer possible to make the separation that existed in classical physics between the observer and the observed.

He leavens the mind-bending with sketches of the remarkable human beings involved in this godlike enterprise. Among them: Max Planck, the "reluctant revolutionary" who discovered and named the quantum in , when he was "forced to accept" his own data showing that radiation is emitted and absorbed in packets. The insouciant Heisenberg, young enough to be able to turn his back on classical concepts with no regrets.

And the acerbic Wolfgang Pauli, nicknamed "The Wrath of God," whose intelligence scared people and who read Einstein's papers on general relativity under his desk in high school "when bored by a particularly tedious lesson. You might try this on your way through Kumar's book. It's a wonderful trip and one you should embark on if you're interested in just what exactly is at the bottom of the garden.

Friday, 20 August Quantum - an audio review. From Tower Review. He made his strategy his own and was able to visualise the main stages on the way to his goal. In fact, he saw his critical achievements as merely one more step toward the next level of advancement. When his scientific work started, Albert Einstein realised the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity emanated from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field.

He worked on classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory. This paved the way for an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He explored the properties of light with a low radiation density, and his observations and survey laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. He postulated the correct interpretation of the special theory of relativity in the early days of Berlin and also furnished a theory of gravitation.

He published his paper on the general theory of relativity in At this point in time, he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics. He embarked on the construction of unified field theories in the s, and he was also working on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory. He preserved this work in America.

By developing a quantum theory of monoatomic gas, he contributed to statistical mechanics. He also did valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology. After taking retirement, he continued to work towards the unification of the basic concepts of physics. He took the opposite approach to geometrisation as the majority of physicists.

He received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine, and philosophy from several European and American universities. The work of Einstein continues to win Nobel Prizes for successful physicists.