King mahendra bihar biography

References [ edit ]. ISBN Who's who. Rajya Sabha Secretariat. Retrieved 27 December The Statesman. Retrieved 23 November The Indian Express. Retrieved 16 February He established friendly relations by visiting China and Japan. Nepal's active role and the role he played on the Security Council twice are the proof of a success policy guided by the King.

King's tenure is also seen as a golden age for Nepal in foreign relations. He pursued a foreign policy of neutrality between China and India. After the treaty Nepal gained King Mahendra introduced five years government plans to plan and oversee development in the country. Seeing the importance of planning in better development, the king established the National Planning Commission in BS.

However, in , King Mahendra formally endorsed a new population policy to bring equilibrium between population and economic growth. The official policy was firstly to reduce population growth through socio-economic change, secondly through family planning program and only then through resettlement. He launched the Back to the Village National Campaign in which was one of his largest rural development efforts.

He established Nepal Sports Council to oversee the development of the sports activities in the country. Before , Nepal did not have its own foreign currency reserve but rather maintained it in central bank of India. For getting the foreign currency amounts required to bear the expenses of Nepalese Embassies and treatment expenses of King, an application had to be submitted to the Reserve Bank of India.

Nepal had a dominant use of Indian rupee. S, Nepal's economic dependence on India was 95 percent. Seeing this, King Mahendra, established a central bank on 26 April in order to reduce dependence on India, replace Indian currency being circulated in the market and strengthen the countries' sovereignty by making Nepal independent in foreign currency exchange.

Because of these policies, Nepal succeeded in the circulation of the new Nepalese rupee as the legal tender in Nepal's Terai region which was predominated by Indian currencies and facilitated for the elimination of the dual currency period in in the country and making Nepal independent in foreign currency exchange. In July , Nepal Industrial Development Corporation started serving as an industrial finance organization to expand Nepalese industries and services, including hotels, and industrial estates.

King Mahendra laid the foundation of economic development by building physical infrastructure with the help of foreign aid. Salt Trading Corporation was established in BS , with objective to make iodized table salt accessible to all citizens. During the Cold War , Nepal tried to boost the economy by creating an environment of economic cooperation between the two neighboring sides.

The death of the first wife of King Mahendra due to birth complications led to the building of the kingdom's first maternity hospital , Paropakar Shree Panch Indra Rajya Lakshmi Maternity Hospital later renamed as Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital , commonly known as the Prasuti Griha , on the grounds of Charburja Durbar on 17 August Kanti Children's Hospital was established as a general hospital in with the economic aid from USSR and was later specialized mainly for children in Programs to prevent nutritional disorders, and family planning, maternal and child health issues were also launched in successive years.

Various health centers were established between and such as in Dailekh , Ramnagar Bhutaha, Sunsari and Chainpur, Sankhuwasabha In , government announced to build one health center in each electoral constituency and announced to establish zonal hospitals in all 14 zones in To support animal husbandry and agriculture and to modernize the traditional agriculture Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science IAAS was established in as an independent institute for the motive of training agriculture technicians which was later brought under Tribhuvan University's management.

In , to process sugar from sugar cane, Birgunj Sugar Mill was established with economic aid from the then Soviet Union in Parsa. Agricultural Tools Factory was initially established in Birgunj in and later also in Biratnagar to produce required agricultural tools for the farmers in cheap cost within the country with the technical and economic aid of Soviet Union.

Eradication of Malaria in the Terai region and the land settlement programs contributed to a massive movement of population from the hills into the Terai , resulting in a large increase in the area devoted to agriculture. In late s, King Mahendra gave a direct order to make feasibility studies of agricultural development in various parts of the country.

Cigarette was one of the major import during panchayat regime so people were encouraged to cultivate tobacco and Janakpur Cigarette Factory was established to make use of such tobacco and reduce the import of cigarette in the country. He also focused on the development of tourism in Nepal. Apparently, he built many houses, rest houses, taverns and water taps in this beautiful country.

Under his reign, Nepal was first open to the foreign people laying the foundation of tourism in the nation. The first tourist group aside from the Foreign Diplomat and Bureaucrats arrived for the first time during his reign. His visit and the famous poem afterwards brought this lake to limelight and the reader of the poem started visiting the lake.

In the same year, eight members of the hotels together established Hotel association of Nepal HAN which became one of the main contributors to governmental decisions making regarding tourism. Under this plan, a high level Tourism development board was later established in [ ] After being member of the United Nations , King Mahendra invited the UN Secretary General U Thant to Nepal [ ] [ ] and involved him in the development of Lumbini as a birthplace of Gautam Buddha.

It was in his time the famous Hippie trail started in Nepal and Nepal's existence started being known to the outside world. In a tourism master plan was created emphasizing public-private partnership model with the view of creating more jobs and more revenue to the government. Earlier, Nepalis were compelled to travel via Indian territory while visiting from one district to another district.

King Mahendra ended this situation by constructing a highway with foreign assistance. However, when India refused, he sought the help of the Soviet Union. India was also attracted after the road from Dhalkebar to Pathalaiya was built by Soviet Union , [ ] the Mechi section from Dhalkebar Jhapa to Janakpur was constructed by India, [ ] while the Hetauda-Narayanghat section was constructed by the Asian Development Bank , the Narayanghat -Butwal section by the United Kingdom [ ] and the Butwal-Kohalpur section by India.

This Rajpath was famously known as "By road" when lots of Indians using this road to travel to Kathmandu. On 15 June , Tribhuvan International Airport was inaugurated by Mahendra and later named it such in memory of his father. Some of these airports were later mothballed. He built the modern Narayanhiti Palace after the demolition of the old palace from the old Rana architecture.

The Koshi River Barrage , a product of multiple ideas to control monsoon floods was constructed during his reign between and with the motive of irrigation of agricultural fields, flood control and generation of hydroelectricity. In , king Mahendra and Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru jointly inaugurated and laid foundation of Koshi Barrage.

A similar dam, the Gandaki river dam was built between the period of to on the border between India and Nepal at Gandak for the purpose of flood control, irrigation and hydropower generation. He is also credited for the vision of Kathmandu water project also known as Melamchi Water Supply Project though his early demise could not bring the plan into implementation.

At the beginning of king's reign the literacy rate of the country was estimated to be 5 percent and it reached 10 percent in [ ] while it reached 18 percent in After the coup, efforts were made to establish an education system. The All Round National Education Committee was established in , and the National Education Advisory Board in in order to implement and refine the education system.

In the year BS , it was King Mahendra who formulated the education policy of the nation and implemented it by making the Education Act. In this year, Nepal's own education came into operation as an integral part of the Fourth Five-Year Plan —75 designed to address individual as well as societal needs towards the goals of national development.

This new education system boycotted foreign books and education system. Furthermore, he wrote books named Mahendra Malla for schools to give priority to Nepal and Nepali language and boycotted Indian Books. At that time King Mahendra's family raised 16 lakh rupees by selling gold jewelries in order to fund the project. King Mahendra's diplomacy also made arrangements to send Nepali students to study in Russia on scholarships.

As a memorial to his wife, one of the famous public college, Ratna Rajya Campus was established in Putalisadak, Kathmandu and its school was established in Taulihawa , Gorkha , [ ] Kathmandu and Mukundapur in during his reign. These two engineering institution are still regarded as one of the best engineering institution in the county.

The king was in forefront to bring women forward for participation in the society. With the heated discussion to bring women in the schools a girl school was established in Dillibazaar, Kathmandu which was with effort of the king later converted in to a higher institution, Padma kanya campus , and moved to Baghbazar within a greater college premises and facilities [ ] [ ].

The telephone service in the country was initially, exclusively aimed for use in the Palaces of feudal Rana rulers. However, since the day of coronation of King Mahendra, the first distribution of telephone line was made available to the general public. S, with a view to facilitate news for newspapers and broadcasting media. It is still one of the major source of news and photos in the nation.

Understanding the value of newspaper in spreading knowledge and information, he modernized Gorkhapatra and converted it from weekly newspaper it to a daily newspaper in Similarly, to address the English language influence and increment of foreign tourists, The Rising Nepal was established on 16 December 1 Poush BS by the then Panchayat Government.

After the war between China and India, Chinese troops occupied mountain areas east and west of Nepal in an attempt to resolve border disputes with India by simply occupying disputed territories. King Mahendra played an important role to oust the Indian armed force from Nepali territory. King Mahendra removed all the Indian representatives and politicians from the ministry and only kept Nepalese representatives.

In order to perform proper administration and to secure decentralization of power to every zone, each zones were appointed a zonal commissioners. This was the first decentralization of power in history of Nepal.

King mahendra bihar biography

There were more than villages and 35 municipalities. Every village was divided into nine wards and every municipalities were divided between wards as per the size of the town. During his rule an extensive legal and judicial reforms were carried out. King Mahendra publicly declared his will for rule of law in the nation. The Legal Practitioners Act, in was introduced to institutionalize this willingness of a systematic rule.

He introduced the separation of power within the state by dividing legislative power to the Rastriya Panchayat , executive power to the Council of ministers and judicial power to the Supreme Court. Section 78 a b c of Part 13 a of the same constitution made the arrangement of the Election Commission which later became the sole authority to regulate and conduct elections in the country.

S , with the enactment of the Police Act, there were attempts to boost the morale of the army. The electricity produced in the country at the beginning was exclusively aimed for use in the Palaces of feudal rulers. However, since the day of coronation of King Mahendra in , electricity became more open and accessible to the public. The Muluki Ain people's code and made attempt to break untouchables, caste discrimination and policy of gender-discrimination.

Nepal Public Commission was established under this act for reforming and developing the civil service. This move ended the long-standing tradition of directly electing, dismissing and transferring government officials by the king and started the tradition of electing only eligible candidates. In , a Central Police Training Centre was established to train and reform the police.

The new panchayat system managed to bring 50, to 60, people into a single system of representative government in a way that had been rendered impossible for the elite-based political parties. Nepal was able to carry out its second plan —65 and third plan , and to begin the Fourth Five-Year Plan — So he provided 25 ropanies of land to establish the first orphanage of the country to Daya Bir Kansakar under the name of Paropkar Sansthan.

He was also concerned about illegal Indians entering the nation and taking benefit in the name of local, so he introduced the system of citizenship in Royal Nepal Academy later renamed as Nepal Academy started translating foreign literature to Nepali language giving access to the people for foreign literature. This along with Srijana Fine Arts School were some prominent established made to promote contemporary art in the nation.

King Mahendra was a great lover of Art. In his leadership National Numismatic Museum was established in to preserve the national history, art and culture. King Mahendra made this property accessible to the public with the donated personal collection by his widow Krishna Chandra Kumari Devi. Royal Nepal Academy started translating religious text to Nepali and Sanskrit language giving access to the people for religious text.

The constitution introduced by King Mahendra in officially recognized Hindu religion as the state religion. The constitution guaranteed promotion of Hindu religious festivals and religious discourses including the use of Sanskrit and a ban on proselytizing. Under his reign, the king and the queen was started being worshipped in every Nepalese homes as the incarnation of Vishnu.

In BS , King Mahendra, set up a Guthi Sansthan with the objectives to continue preservation and promotion of festivals, heritage and culture of the people. During the kings reign, Sikhism flourished in Nepal as a number of Sikhs entered Nepal as a businessman with the permission of the king. King Mahendra was the one to provide first citizenship to Sikhs for their help during the drought in s.

All local and regional leaders were expected to receive Tika from the hands of the king and similarly from their bureaucratic superior and thus dispensing the political hierarchy from the center to all the corners of the country. Dashain embraced the vision of the panchayat regime to create a religiously and ethnically homogeneous society which accepted an hierarchical system with the king at its center to bring the country into a single integrated unit.

In , the Birta Abolition Act was enacted which gave poor people and farmers ownership to the land they were historically working on. Birta land was then converted into Raikar through this act. It classified land as Abal, Doyam, Sim, and Chahar. The Agricultural Reorganization Act, passed in emphasized security for tenant farmers and put a ceiling on landholdings.

Mahendra seized power after dissolving the government of Nepali Congress , jailed any objectors and moved steadily towards an authoritarian rule. He also criticized and objected to King Tribhuvan's decision to accept a multiparty democracy and an arrangement for a constituent assembly. Mahendra once said, "The constitution is given by the King. It is not supposed to be made by the people.

Mahendra gave himself absolute power following the coup and tried to establish his image as a patriotic and benevolent ruler. He suppressed all his critics and launched a propaganda campaign through radio, newspapers and pamphlets that boosted his popularity among the people and established himself as a god-like figure. Critics also see his one-country one-language one-monarch policy as the height of his abuse of authority.

Some people also claim that his introduction of the reformed Muluki Ain was not to bring equality in the society but rather to give death sentences to the Brahmin leaders of rebellions who had tried to assassinate him. Some critics claim that Mahendra stole the development plans of B. P Koirala and credited himself as the architect of the developmental process of the era.

Mahendra's efforts to unite the multicultural country under a singular culture have faced heavy criticism from progressives. The system equated the identity of the country with the Nepali as the language, the Daura-Suruwal as the national dress and Hinduism as the national religion. Many critics consider the Panchayat system to be an institution that innately favored the rich and Mahendra to be the patron saint of the feudal lords and landlords of the country.

Mahendra was criticized for constructing various memorials and statues for himself and his wife and for naming various landmarks, schools and parks after him and his family members. The land-reform policy introduced by Mahendra is considered to be a major failure by many people. Land reform efforts began with the enactment of the Land and Cultivation Record Compilation Act , through which the government began compiling tenant records and continued with the Lands Act These acts were not much successful in increasing small farmers so further efforts had to made.

Though, these policies were successful in securing the rights of farmers, it was not so in the case of land redistribution. Until , average landholdings remained small. Moreover, the double ownership law of land introduced by the Panchayat through 'Mohiyai hak' became a major hindrance in development in the decades to come. After the death of his first wife Indra Rajya in , Prince Mahendra had a love affair with his sister-in-law Ratna , but despite strong opposition from his father King Tribhuvan , Prince Mahendra married Ratna Rajyalakshmi two years later.

This strained relations between him and his father. Mahendra has faced much criticism for this marriage. Some people criticise him for disobeying his father and disregarding the obedience of a prince to the King of Nepal. Some people also criticise him for sterilising his new wife before marriage and depriving his wife of her right to be a mother.

Mahendra suffered a massive second heart attack whilst on a winter hunting trip in Chitwan where he was attended to by his trusted physicians Dr Mrigendra Raj Pandey and Dr Sachey Kumar Pahari. King Mahendra was in a stable but critical condition and eventually died at Diyalo Bangala , the royal palace in Bharatpur on 31 January His year-old son Birendra ascended the Nepalese throne immediately after his father's death.

However, his coronation took place only on 24 February at the age of 29 due to Hindu ritual for an auspicious date and the astrologers had claimed only that time to be auspicious. Historians define Mahendra as an ambitious ruler. He was proficient in Nepali , English , Hindi and Sanskrit. Mahendra went in for various activities like noblemen of his era and subsequent eras.

King Mahendra wrote various songs and poems. He is also called the first lyricist of Nepal by some sources. Four of his children were killed in the royal massacre. Other than his six children, King Mahendra also had a son from one of his concubine Gita Gurung, who was born before any other child from his legal marriage. Many structures, institutions, locations and honors have been built and introduced in the memory of King Mahendra.

Monuments erected in his name were renamed after the restoration of the parliament in BS and the end of the monarchy in BS. After the political changes of BS, an attempt was made to rename the highway built in the name of the king as Lok Marg. King Mahendra was appointed as a British Field Marshal in In they were greeted by President Dwight D. Johnson in Washington DC in The royal couple of Nepal was greeted with the 'guard of honor'.

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Furthermore, he wrote books named Mahendra Malla for schools to give priority to Nepal and boycotted Indian Books. Sahaja Bus was also introduced in his period. The construction of the Mahendra Highway was also introduced during his regime. He divided the kingdom of Nepal into 14 Zones and 75 Districts. Realizing that Nepal is a country of Villagers, he gave importance to the development of villages and remote areas of countries.

And became a member of the International Labour Organization. The court incurred equal treatment for all. Also for the development of the education system, Tribhuvan University was established in his tenure. After looking at the country for 17th years, He died at Chitwan on 31st January A.