Janet yellen wikipedia türkiye

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Kelly Kirstjen Nielsen — Mike Pence — Reince Priebus John F. Kelly — Mark Meadows — Yellen's voice. Yellen on the importance of raising the debt ceiling Recorded March 23, Early life and education [ edit ]. Academic career [ edit ]. Contributions to economics [ edit ]. Efficiency wage models [ edit ]. Reproductive technology shock [ edit ].

Federal Reserve — [ edit ]. Council of Economic Advisers — [ edit ]. Return to the Federal Reserve — [ edit ]. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco [ edit ]. Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve [ edit ]. Chair of the Federal Reserve [ edit ]. After the Federal Reserve — [ edit ]. Paid corporate speaking [ edit ]. Secretary of the Treasury — [ edit ].

Nomination and confirmation [ edit ]. Tenure [ edit ]. Proposed international tax reform [ edit ]. Debt ceiling crisis [ edit ]. Sanctions against Russia and oil price cap [ edit ]. Digital Assets Regulation [ edit ]. Friendshoring of supply chains [ edit ]. Comments on Roe v. Wade overturning [ edit ]. Internal Revenue Service reforms [ edit ].

Visit to Ukraine [ edit ]. Banking crisis [ edit ]. Economic approach to China [ edit ]. Economic philosophy [ edit ]. Honors and awards [ edit ]. Academic [ edit ]. This list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items. May Memberships and fellowships [ edit ]. February Awards [ edit ]. Other recognition [ edit ]. Personal life [ edit ].

In popular culture [ edit ]. Selected works [ edit ]. Books [ edit ]. Articles [ edit ]. See also [ edit ]. References [ edit ]. ISSN Archived from the original on December 25, Retrieved January 7, Treasury Secretary" Press release. Washington, D. November 30, Archived from the original on November 15, Retrieved December 1, Department of the Treasury.

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Archived from the original on December 29, Nominations for the Federal Reserve Board. Archived from the original on January 22, The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 1, Yellen ". August 11, Archived from the original on January 16, Retrieved September 27, United Press International. December 20, Archived from the original on December 20, Archived from the original on October 12, Yellen — Executive Office of the President".

Senate th Congress — 1st Session. February 13, Archived from the original on December 30, Archived from the original on May 12, June 10, Archived from the original on September 26, June 9, Archived from the original on September 12, NBC News. Archived from the original on December 9, October 30, Archived from the original on January 14, Retrieved October 31, Archived from the original on October 22, Retrieved August 14, Archived from the original on November 29, Retrieved August 13, Archived from the original on June 7, Retrieved June 6, Archived from the original on March 22, Retrieved July 10, CNN Business.

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September 29, Archived from the original on August 5, Archived from the original on February 22, Retrieved August 6, August 16, Does she have what it takes to lead the Fed". Archived from the original on December 5, Retrieved August 17, Archived from the original on October 14, Retrieved April 25, Archived from the original on May 16, Retrieved July 19, USA Today.

Archived from the original on July 29, Archived from the original on April 28, Retrieved August 31, Retrieved July 26, Letter to Barack Obama. Institute for Women's Policy Research. Archived from the original on October 2, September 15, Archived from the original on September 16, Retrieved September 16, Archived from the original on March 8, Facing growing opposition in Congress, Lawrence H.

Summers, the former Treasury secretary and a top contender for Federal Reserve chairman, told President Obama that he didn't want to be considered for the job. Archived from the original on May 31, Retrieved October 9, October 9, Archived from the original on February 28, Retrieved June 28, Remarks by the President in Nominating Dr. Nomination of Dr.

Janet Yellen as Fed Chair. Retrieved May 2, Retrieved November 15, Archived from the original on June 15, Retrieved November 21, Archived from the original on December 24, Retrieved December 20, Archived from the original on January 9, Retrieved January 6, Archived from the original on January 8, Yellen to serve as its Chair, effective February 1, " Press release.

January 30, Archived from the original on April 30, Archived from the original on March 31, Retrieved September 17, Archived from the original on April 16, Retrieved July 16, Fed raises interest rates". Archived from the original on December 17, Retrieved December 17, Archived from the original on February 4, Retrieved January 16, Associated Press.

Retrieved February 2, Archived from the original on November 28, Retrieved November 18, Business Insider. August 25, Archived from the original on October 11, The couple stayed in the United Kingdom for two years before returning to the United States, in part due to identity issues because they felt American, not English. In , Yellen joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley , where she taught at the Haas School of Business to conduct macroeconomics research and teach undergraduate and MBA students for more than two decades.

She earned the Haas School's outstanding teaching award twice, in and Rocca Jr. Professor of International Business and Trade in From to , Yellen took a leave of absence from Berkeley to go into public service. After returning to academia, she resumed her teaching assignment at Haas and received a joint appointment with Berkeley's Department of Economics.

Trefethen Professor of Business Administration and Professor of Economics in [ 24 ] and remained an active faculty member until she was appointed president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco in She was also a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research from to Yellen's academic career has largely focused on the analysis of the mechanisms of unemployment and labor markets, monetary and fiscal policies, and international trade.

She has written a few widely cited papers, often collaborating on research with her husband, Professor George Akerlof. Since the s, Yellen and Akerlof have addressed what's known in the economics literature as "efficiency wage theory" — the idea that paying people more than the market wage does increase their productivity. Their paper, entitled "The Fair-Wage Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment", coined "the fair wage effort hypothesis" and was considered by economists to be a significant contribution to the topic: "A precursor to the efficiency wage literature Another work, "An Analysis of Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing in the United States", co-written with Akerlof and Michael Katz and published in , aims to explain why out-of-wedlock births have grown considerably in previous decades in the United States.

A research study led to a theory called "reproductive technology shock", arguing that the increased availability of both abortion and contraception in the late s and early s, amidst the sexual revolution , eroded the social norms surrounding sex, pregnancy, and marriage, leading to a sharp decline in the stigma of unwed motherhood.

On April 22, , President Bill Clinton announced his intention to nominate Yellen as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors , alongside Alan Blinder , who has been designated as vice chairman. They were the first Democratic appointees to the Board since The group settled on her candidacy after an exhaustive search that at one point included nearly 50 names.

Phillips , which marks the first time that two women have sat on the Federal Reserve Board simultaneously. In July , the Federal Reserve resisted pressure to raise interest rates as unemployment dropped. Yellen marshaled academic research to dissuade Chairman Alan Greenspan from committing the Fed to a zero inflation policy and demonstrate that the central bank should seek to moderate inflation rather than eliminate it.

According to the study, a low inflation rate of around 2 percent provided a better foundation for reducing unemployment and increasing economic growth than the goal of zero. Upon her confirmation as chair of the Council of Economic Advisers, she resigned as a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on February 17, Within this study, the Council analyzed data from to to determine the reasons why women earn substantially less than men.

By observing trends attributable to issues such as occupation and industry, as well as familial status, it was determined that while the Equal Pay Act of was a step forward, there was no explanation for a percent difference between average pay for women and men — an improvement from the percent gap two decades earlier. It was concluded that this gap had no correlation with differences in productivity and, as such, was the result of discrimination within the workforce.

Parry as president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco , taking office on June On June 5, , Yellen said that the Federal Reserve should consider raising interest rates earlier to prevent another housing bubble. She argued that higher short-term interest rates probably went against the expansion of a bubble in certain circumstances, like restraining the demand for housing and high-risk mortgages.

In July , Yellen was mentioned as a potential successor to Chairman Ben Bernanke when his term was set to expire before he was re-nominated for a second four-year term. Richard Shelby of Alabama, voted no, saying "President Yellen presided over a regional housing bubble and failed to restrain the excesses. Bullard of the St. Louis Fed stated that the U.

All three nominations were seen as "on track to be confirmed by the Senate. On September 29, , Yellen, along with Raskin, [ 59 ] was confirmed by the Senate on a voice vote to be both a member of the board of governors [ 60 ] and vice chairman of the Federal Reserve System. In contrast to her predecessors, Yellen acted more independently within the institution in her role as vice chair.

Yellen was widely considered the front-runner to succeed Bernanke as the Federal Reserve's chair when his second term ceased. He sparked further controversy for remarks on women's aptitude in math and science, which he made in while serving as Harvard University's president. On October 9, , Yellen was officially nominated to replace Bernanke as chair of the Federal Reserve , [ 73 ] [ 74 ] the first vice chair ever to be elevated to that post.

On December 20, , the U. Senate voted 59—34 for cloture on Yellen's nomination. In July , at her first semi-annual congressional testimony on U S. On December 16, , the Federal Reserve under Yellen increased its key interest rate for the first time since Following the presidential election , Yellen gave a strong defense of the Dodd—Frank Act in her Joint Economic Committee testimony, standing in opposition to incoming President Donald Trump 's plans to review the landmark legislation.

She argued that it would be inappropriate to weaken or repeal the law designed to prevent a repeat of the global financial crisis. In her remarks about the aftermath of the crisis, she said, "The balance of research suggests that the core reforms we have put in place have substantially boosted resilience without unduly limiting credit availability or economic growth.

In November , as Yellen's tenure as chair of the Federal Reserve was coming to an end, Trump considered nominating her for another term, but on the advice of his Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin , he picked a Republican Fed governor, Jerome Powell , instead. Burns almost 40 years prior. William Miller , who held that office for over a year, from to On February 2, , Yellen enforced enormous sanctions on Wells Fargo , which was the third-largest U.

Regarding labor markets, Yellen has been dubbed one of the Federal Reserve System's most successful chairpersons. During her term, the unemployment rate dropped from 6. Yellen became the first person in U. On February 2, , the Brookings Institution announced that Yellen would join the think tank as a distinguished fellow in residence with the Economic Studies program, effective February 5, Stock , and Louise Sheiner as co-chairs of the newly launched Productivity Measurement Initiative, aimed at improving the quality of economic statistics.

In November , Yellen left her position at Brookings after being selected as a nominee to serve as Treasury secretary. On June 27, , Yellen stated that she did not expect another financial crisis "in our lifetime" because she thought banks were "much stronger" as a result of Federal Reserve oversight. On February 25, , in an interview with Marketplace , when asked if she believed Trump has "a grasp of macroeconomic policy," Yellen replied, "No, I do not.

She raised further concern over Trump's regard for the independence of the central bank and voiced support for her successor, Jerome Powell. On July 17, , at the hearing of the House Select Oversight Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis , which was set up by the House Committee on Oversight and Reform , former Federal Reserve chairs Bernanke and Yellen testified about the economic policy response to the negative impact of the coronavirus pandemic.

They urged lawmakers to act aggressively with fiscal stimulus in three areas: extending the supplementary unemployment payments; providing additional financial assistance to hard-hit states and local governments; and investing in the medical response to the pandemic. In August , it was reported that Yellen was among a handful of economists who briefed former vice president Joe Biden , the presumptive Democratic nominee for president, and his chosen running mate , Sen.

Kamala Harris , on economic issues. With her return to government, she pledged to get official permission from the Office of Government Ethics OGE to participate in substantive issues involving such firms to avoid any conflict of interest. Following the presidential election , Yellen was routinely mentioned as a possible secretary of the treasury in the incoming Biden administration.

Lael Brainard and Roger W. Ferguson Jr. On November 30, , then-President-elect Biden announced he would nominate Yellen as Treasury Secretary in his cabinet. Unlike her predecessors, she is viewed as more of an academic economist than a traditional politician used to horse-trading and dealmaking, qualities that could be critical to achieving the goals of Biden's economic agenda in a deeply partisan Congress.

The Senate Finance Committee unanimously approved Yellen's candidacy by a 26—0 vote on January 22, In April , Yellen proposed a global minimum corporate tax rate that would prevent profit shifting by multinational companies for tax avoidance. The treaty's implementation path remained uncertain because its ratification requires a two-thirds majority in the evenly divided U.

Senate as well as passing domestic legislation in each of the signed countries. On July 23, , Yellen sent a letter to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and other congressional leaders in which she urged lawmakers to increase or suspend the nation's debt limit as soon as possible before it hit its statutory limit in August and the government would be unable to pay its bills.

She warned Congress that failing to meet those financial obligations would cause "irreparable harm" to the U. On September 19, , Yellen, in an op-ed for The Wall Street Journal , again called for an increase in the debt ceiling; otherwise, sometime in October, the Treasury expected to exhaust its cash reserves, which would trigger a financial crisis.

In December , President Biden signed a debt ceiling increase into law, preventing a U. Congressional legislation designated to cover the government's financial commitments beyond the midterm elections was passed in a nearly party-line vote. She repeated her call to "act in a timely manner to increase or suspend the debt limit. On June 3, , President Biden signed into law bipartisan congressional legislation that suspended the public debt limit throughout his first term in office, therefore ending the ongoing debt-ceiling crisis.

It came as a compromise on fiscal spending between the White House and House Republicans two days before the United States was estimated to reach the debt ceiling and subsequently could no longer meet its own financial obligations. In November , Yellen and senior Treasury personnel were tasked with crafting a sanctions strategy that would maximize the costs inflicted on Russia's economy while limiting, if possible, the expected negative impact on the United States and its allies if a potential aggression began.

Yellen was a key proponent of a price cap on Russian oil , a plan designed to deprive the Kremlin of funding for Russia's war in Ukraine while reducing an inflation surge by preserving the global oil supply. On April 7, , at American University 's Kogod School of Business Center for Innovation, Yellen addressed for the first time the growing impact of digital assets on the American economy.

Yellen outlined policy objectives and lessons that apply to the navigation of emerging technologies, which include "first, the U. Yellen also announced possible plans for a government version of a stablecoin ; the administration is studying the possibility of issuing a central bank digital currency CBDC or digital dollar while taking into consideration the impact of a CBDC on monetary policy, national security, and international trade, as well as its utility for consumers.

Solving such problems is an "engineering challenge that would require years of development, not months," she said. In a speech delivered at the Atlantic Council on April 13, , Yellen advised against the supply chain risks posed by reliance on commodities from countries that aligned with authoritarian regimes like Russia or China and favored friendshoring strategy, an approach that limits supply chain networks to allies and partner countries.

She said that any moves from the other nations to undermine collective international effort to make Russia accountable for its aggression would draw the ire of the U. In December , Yellen wrote an essay for Project Syndicate in which she singled out the key risks for the U. Those risks include: "first, over-concentration of critical goods in any particular market may result in vulnerability in supply chains that hurt workers and customers; second, the need to protect from geopolitical and security risks emanating from hostile states; and third, the need to shift away from supply chains that relied on violations of core human rights , such as the use of forced labor in producing goods for import.

On May 10, , during a Senate Banking Committee hearing, Yellen made comments on the economic consequences of Roe v. Wade overturning after a leaked draft majority opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization showed the Supreme Court was poised to overrule its previous decisions that legalized abortion in the United States. Bob Menendez D-NJ asked what reversing the landmark ruling would mean economically for the United States; Yellen responded, "I believe that eliminating the right of women to make decisions about when and whether to have children would have very damaging effects on the economy and would set women back decades.

Tim Scott R-SC disagreed with her assertion and said, "I think finding a way to have a debate around abortion in a meeting for the economic stability of our country is harsh. This is the truth. Following that heated exchange, Senator Scott penned an op-ed for The Washington Post in which he called Yellen's claim "simply false" and compared her arguments to those of Margaret Sanger in support of eugenics.

In June , the Fiscal Responsibility Act , which was passed to reach a bipartisan agreement on debt ceiling, reallocated more than a quarter of the funding previously approved for IRS modernization to other budgetary areas. Despite that, Yellen assured that the agency still possesses the resources it needs in the near term to enhance service and ramp up enforcement.

Furthermore, she said that the Treasury Department would continue to advocate for additional funds to make service improvements and help ensure that high-end taxpayers don't avoid paying their fair share. On February 27, , Yellen made a surprise visit to Kyiv, in which she reaffirmed ongoing U. Coinciding with her visit, Yellen wrote an op-ed for The New York Times in which she highlighted the importance of America's support and repeated President Biden's message that Washington will stand with the Ukrainian people for as long as it takes.

She said, "We cannot allow Ukraine to lose the war for economic reasons when it has shown an ability to succeed on the battlefield. On March 12, , amidst the banking crisis , Yellen made an appearance on CBS ' Face the Nation and affirmed that financial regulators closely monitored the state of the banking system to make sure it remained safe and well-capitalized.

Addressing the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank , which marked the second-largest bank failure in American history at the time, she said she had been working with bank regulators to "design appropriate policies" to tackle the issue, though declining to provide further details. She stressed that the possibility of a bailout was off the table.

On March 21, Yellen delivered a speech to an American Bankers Association ABA summit in which she defended the forceful actions taken by regulators to avert a sweeping banking crisis and pledged resolute Biden administration support for lenders in need, regardless of their respective sizes. She said, "Our intervention was necessary to protect the broader U.

Nevertheless, Yellen stated in her testimony before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government the following day that the FDIC was not considering providing "blanket insurance or guarantees of deposits. On April 21, Yellen announced a proposal by the Financial Stability Oversight Council FSOC for a new procedure to designate nonbank financial companies as systemically important financial institutions , subjecting them to Federal Reserve supervision.

It marked an effective reversal of previous guidance, which was issued in under the Trump administration and, according to Yellen, "created inappropriate hurdles as part of the designation process. Citing sources familiar with the matter, CNN Business reported on Yellen's remarks that more bank mergers may be necessary to overcome the sector's crisis.

In a speech delivered at Johns Hopkins University 's School of Advanced International Studies on April 20, , Yellen laid out three principal objectives of the Biden administration's economic approach toward China. Those principles are: first, the paramount importance of securing American national security interests as well as protecting human rights; second, seeking healthy and fair economic competition with China based on international rules; and third, aiming to engage on major global challenges like easing the debt burden of the developing world and climate change.

Yellen's speech attempted to revive dialogue, at least on economic matters, as she made clear her desire to visit China as soon as possible to get the countries' previously pragmatic approach to each other back on track. However, its ultimate success is not at all obvious. Between July 6—9, Yellen visited China, the first trip to the country by a U.

Treasury secretary in four years and her first since taking office. During those bilateral meetings, she reaffirmed that the US national security restrictions on Chinese investment were intended to be narrowly focused and not have broad effects on the country's economy. Overall, Yellen's visit was part of a broader push by the Biden administration to rebuild bridges between the two countries and open more lines of high-level communication with America's main geopolitical rival, in particular with China's new economic leaders.

In a press conference capping her four-day trip to Beijing, Yellen described it as a mission to revive engagement between the two largest economies and said she believes it has brought US-China ties closer to a "surer footing. The U. These principles are: 1. When asked about the potential economic implications of Israel's war with Hamas , Yellen told Sky News in an October interview, "I think it's too early to speculate on whether or not there will be significant consequences.

I think, importantly, it depends on whether the hostilities extend beyond Israel and Gaza, and that's certainly an outcome we would like to avoid. Yellen maintained that the U. Yellen is widely considered to be a " dove " on monetary policy i. Eccles , who was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt amidst the Great Depression in In January , Yellen was among the 45 original signers of the Economists' Statement on Carbon Dividends , which was eventually signed by over 3, prominent American economists promoting a carbon dividends framework for the U.

Yellen is a Keynesian economist and has been described as a "Keynesian to her fingertips". She stated that while most economists "appreciate the value of markets and incentives," Yalies "can recognize when they are not operating correctly and have higher concern for policies to remedy them. Yellen has received numerous honors in recognition of her career in academia and politics.

These include:. He received a bachelor's summa cum laude in economics and mathematics from Yale University and earned his PhD in economics from Harvard University, where he was a Presidential Scholar. Robert is an associate professor of economics at the University of Warwick. Yellen and George Akerlof have often collaborated on research, including topics such as poverty, unemployment and a paper on the costs of out-of-wedlock childbearing.

One of their most discussed papers at Berkeley, on why lower wages sometimes lead to lower employment, came from the personal experience of hiring a nanny for the first time. Marketplace commissioned the song after then-President-elect Biden announced his intention to nominate Yellen as the nation's first female Treasury Secretary and joked that Lin-Manuel Miranda should write a Hamiltonesque musical about her.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Wade overturning. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item. American economist born George Akerlof. Yellen's voice. Yellen on the importance of raising the debt ceiling Recorded March 23, Early life and education [ edit ].

Academic career [ edit ]. Contributions to economics [ edit ]. Efficiency wage models [ edit ]. Reproductive technology shock [ edit ]. Federal Reserve — [ edit ]. Council of Economic Advisers — [ edit ]. Return to the Federal Reserve — [ edit ]. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco [ edit ]. Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve [ edit ].

Chair of the Federal Reserve [ edit ]. After the Federal Reserve — [ edit ]. Paid corporate speaking [ edit ]. Secretary of the Treasury — [ edit ]. Nomination and confirmation [ edit ]. Tenure [ edit ]. Proposed international tax reform [ edit ]. Debt ceiling crisis [ edit ]. Sanctions against Russia and oil price cap [ edit ]. Digital Assets Regulation [ edit ].

Friendshoring of supply chains [ edit ]. Comments on Roe v. Wade overturning [ edit ]. Internal Revenue Service reforms [ edit ].